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bpy.data vs bpy.ops

bpy.data와 bpy.ops

bpy.data edits scene data-blocks directly. bpy.ops runs Blender actions and depends on the current selection and context.

Also known as: Data APIOperatorsbpy.databpy.ops
···
bpy — this entry
# 같은 정육면체를 operator와 data API로 각각 만들어 두 경로의 결과를 비교한다.
reset('WORKBENCH')
camera((0, -8, 3.2), target=(0, 0, 0.8), lens=52)
floor()

bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_cube_add(size=1.35, location=(-1.25, 0, 0.72))
operator_cube = bpy.context.object
operator_cube.name = 'Created by bpy.ops'
paint(operator_cube, material('Operator', SKY))

verts = [(-0.675, -0.675, -0.675), (0.675, -0.675, -0.675),
         (0.675, 0.675, -0.675), (-0.675, 0.675, -0.675),
         (-0.675, -0.675, 0.675), (0.675, -0.675, 0.675),
         (0.675, 0.675, 0.675), (-0.675, 0.675, 0.675)]
faces = [(0, 3, 2, 1), (4, 5, 6, 7), (0, 1, 5, 4),
         (1, 2, 6, 5), (2, 3, 7, 6), (3, 0, 4, 7)]
mesh = bpy.data.meshes.new('Direct mesh')
mesh.from_pydata(verts, [], faces)
mesh.update()
data_cube = bpy.data.objects.new('Created from bpy.data', mesh)
bpy.context.scene.collection.objects.link(data_cube)
data_cube.location = (1.25, 0, 0.72)
paint(data_cube, material('Data API', LIME))
shoot('both')
Full script — runs as-is in Blender 5.1.1
# bpy-data-vs-ops — Blender 5.1.1 에서 그대로 돌아가는 스크립트
# 실행: blender -b --factory-startup --python bpy-data-vs-ops.py -- <출력 폴더>
SLUG = 'bpy-data-vs-ops'

# ── 무대: 모든 항목이 같이 쓰는 준비 코드 (renders/_stage.py) ──────────────────
# 빈 장면 → 렌더 엔진·크기 → 카메라·바닥·조명·재질 도우미 → shoot() 으로 WebP 저장.
import bpy, math, os, sys
from mathutils import Vector

# 출력 폴더: blender -b --factory-startup --python 이파일.py -- <출력 폴더>
OUT = sys.argv[sys.argv.index('--') + 1] if '--' in sys.argv[:-1] else os.getcwd()
os.makedirs(OUT, exist_ok=True)

# 색은 화면에서 고르는 sRGB 0~1 값으로 적는다. 블렌더 내부는 선형(linear)이라 srgb() 로 바꿔 넣는다.
BACKDROP = (0.24, 0.25, 0.27)
CLAY = (0.80, 0.77, 0.72)
LIME = (0.64, 0.90, 0.21)
SKY = (0.22, 0.65, 0.95)
CORAL = (0.96, 0.42, 0.45)
INK = (0.08, 0.09, 0.10)
ENGINES = {'WORKBENCH': 'BLENDER_WORKBENCH', 'EEVEE': 'BLENDER_EEVEE', 'CYCLES': 'CYCLES'}


def srgb(c, alpha=1.0):
    lin = lambda v: v / 12.92 if v <= 0.04045 else ((v + 0.055) / 1.055) ** 2.4
    return (lin(c[0]), lin(c[1]), lin(c[2]), alpha)


def reset(engine='WORKBENCH', samples=16, size=(960, 600)):
    """빈 장면에서 시작한다. engine: WORKBENCH(모양 확인) · EEVEE(실시간) · CYCLES(경로 추적)."""
    bpy.ops.wm.read_factory_settings(use_empty=True)
    sc = bpy.context.scene
    sc.render.engine = ENGINES[engine]
    sc.render.resolution_x, sc.render.resolution_y = size
    sc.render.resolution_percentage = 100
    sc.render.image_settings.file_format = 'WEBP'
    sc.render.image_settings.quality = 82
    sc.world = bpy.data.worlds.new('World')
    world_color(BACKDROP)
    if engine == 'WORKBENCH':
        sh = sc.display.shading
        sh.light, sh.color_type = 'STUDIO', 'MATERIAL'
        sh.show_shadows, sh.shadow_intensity = True, 0.35
        sh.show_cavity = True
        sc.display.render_aa = '16'
        sc.view_settings.view_transform = 'Standard'  # 재질 색을 그대로 보여 준다
    elif engine == 'EEVEE':
        sc.eevee.taa_render_samples = samples
    else:
        sc.cycles.samples = samples
        sc.cycles.use_denoising = True
    return sc


def world_color(color, strength=1.0):
    """배경색. Workbench 는 world.color, EEVEE·Cycles 는 Background 노드를 쓴다."""
    w = bpy.context.scene.world
    w.color = srgb(color)[:3]
    bg = w.node_tree.nodes.get('Background') if w.node_tree else None
    if bg:
        bg.inputs['Color'].default_value = srgb(color)
        bg.inputs['Strength'].default_value = strength
    return w


def hdri(name='studio', strength=1.0, show=False):
    """블렌더에 들어 있는 HDRI 로 장면을 비춘다(CC0 · Poly Haven). name: studio · city · courtyard · forest · interior · night · sunrise · sunset.
    show=False 면 빛과 반사에만 쓰고, 카메라에는 BACKDROP 색 배경이 보인다(Light Path 의 Is Camera Ray 로 가른다)."""
    nt = bpy.context.scene.world.node_tree
    nodes, links = nt.nodes, nt.links
    env = nodes.new('ShaderNodeTexEnvironment')
    env.image = bpy.data.images.load(os.path.join(bpy.utils.system_resource('DATAFILES'), 'studiolights', 'world', f'{name}.exr'))
    bg = nodes['Background']
    bg.inputs['Strength'].default_value = strength
    links.new(env.outputs['Color'], bg.inputs['Color'])
    if not show:
        flat = nodes.new('ShaderNodeBackground')
        flat.inputs['Color'].default_value = srgb(BACKDROP)
        ray, mix = nodes.new('ShaderNodeLightPath'), nodes.new('ShaderNodeMixShader')
        links.new(ray.outputs['Is Camera Ray'], mix.inputs['Fac'])
        links.new(bg.outputs['Background'], mix.inputs[1])
        links.new(flat.outputs['Background'], mix.inputs[2])
        links.new(mix.outputs['Shader'], nodes['World Output'].inputs['Surface'])
    return env


def look_at(obj, target):
    obj.rotation_euler = (Vector(target) - obj.location).to_track_quat('-Z', 'Y').to_euler()


def camera(location=(7, -7, 5), target=(0, 0, 0.5), lens=50):
    cam = bpy.data.objects.new('Camera', bpy.data.cameras.new('Camera'))
    bpy.context.scene.collection.objects.link(cam)
    cam.location = location
    look_at(cam, target)
    cam.data.lens = lens
    bpy.context.scene.camera = cam
    return cam


def frame(*objs, margin=1.15):
    """카메라 방향은 그대로 두고, objs 가 화면에 다 들어오게 카메라를 앞뒤로 옮긴다."""
    sc = bpy.context.scene
    dg = bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get()
    pts = [o.matrix_world @ Vector(c) for o in objs for c in o.evaluated_get(dg).bound_box]
    mid = sum(pts, Vector()) / len(pts)
    coords = [c for p in pts for c in (mid + (p - mid) * margin)]
    loc, _scale = sc.camera.camera_fit_coords(dg, coords)
    sc.camera.location = loc
    return sc.camera


def light(kind='AREA', location=(4, -4, 6), target=(0, 0, 0), energy=600, size=3.0, color=(1, 1, 1)):
    """kind: POINT · SUN · SPOT · AREA. energy 는 와트(SUN 은 W/m²에 해당하는 세기)."""
    data = bpy.data.lights.new(kind.title(), kind)
    data.energy, data.color = energy, color
    if kind == 'AREA':
        data.size = size
    obj = bpy.data.objects.new(data.name, data)
    bpy.context.scene.collection.objects.link(obj)
    obj.location = location
    look_at(obj, target)
    return obj


def studio(key=700, fill=200, rim=450):
    """기본 3점 조명(키·필·림). EEVEE·Cycles 용 — Workbench 는 자체 스튜디오 조명을 쓴다."""
    return [light('AREA', (5, -4, 6), energy=key, size=4),
            light('AREA', (-6, -3, 3), energy=fill, size=5),
            light('AREA', (0, 6, 5), energy=rim, size=3)]


def material(name, color=CLAY, roughness=0.5, metallic=0.0, **inputs):
    """원리 BSDF 재질. inputs 는 소켓 이름(공백은 _ 로): Emission_Strength=3."""
    mat = bpy.data.materials.new(name)
    mat.diffuse_color = srgb(color)  # Workbench 가 보는 색
    bsdf = mat.node_tree.nodes['Principled BSDF']
    bsdf.inputs['Base Color'].default_value = srgb(color)
    bsdf.inputs['Roughness'].default_value = roughness
    bsdf.inputs['Metallic'].default_value = metallic
    for key, value in inputs.items():
        bsdf.inputs[key.replace('_', ' ')].default_value = value
    return mat


def paint(obj, mat):
    obj.data.materials.clear()
    obj.data.materials.append(mat)
    return obj


def floor(size=80.0, color=None, z=0.0, wall=30.0, curve=6.0):
    """바닥과 뒷벽(+Y 쪽)이 둥글게 이어진 스튜디오 배경 — 지평선이 보이지 않는다. 카메라는 -Y 쪽에서 +Y 를 보게 둔다."""
    import bmesh
    back = size / 2
    steps = 12
    profile = [(-back, 0.0)]  # (y, z) 단면: 앞 → 둥근 모서리 → 벽 위
    for i in range(steps + 1):
        a = (math.pi / 2) * i / steps
        profile.append((back - curve + curve * math.sin(a), curve - curve * math.cos(a)))
    profile.append((back, wall))
    bm = bmesh.new()
    left = [bm.verts.new((-back, y, z + h)) for y, h in profile]
    right = [bm.verts.new((back, y, z + h)) for y, h in profile]
    for i in range(len(profile) - 1):
        bm.faces.new((left[i], right[i], right[i + 1], left[i + 1]))
    me = bpy.data.meshes.new('Floor')
    bm.to_mesh(me)
    bm.free()
    obj = bpy.data.objects.new('Floor', me)
    bpy.context.scene.collection.objects.link(obj)
    for poly in me.polygons:
        poly.use_smooth = True
    return paint(obj, material('Floor', color or BACKDROP, roughness=0.9))


def edges(obj, thickness=0.012, color=INK):
    """메시의 선(엣지)을 렌더에 보이게 한다 — 모디파이어까지 적용된 모양에 와이어프레임을 씌운 복제본."""
    dg = bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get()
    wire = bpy.data.objects.new(obj.name + '.edges', bpy.data.meshes.new_from_object(obj.evaluated_get(dg)))
    bpy.context.scene.collection.objects.link(wire)
    wire.matrix_world = obj.matrix_world.copy()
    mod = wire.modifiers.new('Wireframe', 'WIREFRAME')
    mod.thickness, mod.use_even_offset = thickness, True
    return paint(wire, material(obj.name + '.edges', color, roughness=0.8))


def shoot(name):
    """지금 장면을 <출력 폴더>/<항목>-<name>.webp 로 렌더한다."""
    sc = bpy.context.scene
    sc.render.filepath = os.path.join(OUT, f'{SLUG}-{name}.webp')
    bpy.ops.render.render(write_still=True)
    return sc.render.filepath


# ── 이 항목 ──
# 같은 정육면체를 operator와 data API로 각각 만들어 두 경로의 결과를 비교한다.
reset('WORKBENCH')
camera((0, -8, 3.2), target=(0, 0, 0.8), lens=52)
floor()

bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_cube_add(size=1.35, location=(-1.25, 0, 0.72))
operator_cube = bpy.context.object
operator_cube.name = 'Created by bpy.ops'
paint(operator_cube, material('Operator', SKY))

verts = [(-0.675, -0.675, -0.675), (0.675, -0.675, -0.675),
         (0.675, 0.675, -0.675), (-0.675, 0.675, -0.675),
         (-0.675, -0.675, 0.675), (0.675, -0.675, 0.675),
         (0.675, 0.675, 0.675), (-0.675, 0.675, 0.675)]
faces = [(0, 3, 2, 1), (4, 5, 6, 7), (0, 1, 5, 4),
         (1, 2, 6, 5), (2, 3, 7, 6), (3, 0, 4, 7)]
mesh = bpy.data.meshes.new('Direct mesh')
mesh.from_pydata(verts, [], faces)
mesh.update()
data_cube = bpy.data.objects.new('Created from bpy.data', mesh)
bpy.context.scene.collection.objects.link(data_cube)
data_cube.location = (1.25, 0, 0.72)
paint(data_cube, material('Data API', LIME))
shoot('both')
···

Context Override컨텍스트 오버라이드

Temporarily supplies the active object or selection an operator needs, without changing the user's current selection.

···

Background Rendering백그라운드 렌더

Blender evaluates and renders a scene without opening its window, which suits servers and batch jobs that produce files unattended.

···

foreach_get Bulk Readforeach_get 벌크 읽기

Read repeated values such as vertex coordinates into a buffer in one call instead of looping through Python objects, useful for large meshes.

···

Command-Line Arguments명령행 인자

Pass numbers, paths, and options at launch instead of editing the script. The -- marker separates Blender flags from script arguments.

The same cube can be made two ways. bpy.ops reproduces an action from a menu or button, while bpy.data builds vertex, face, and object data directly. In the UI, both can be run from the Python Console or Text Editor in the Scripting workspace.

bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_cube_add() creates a cube and makes it the active selection. bpy.data.meshes.new() and mesh.from_pydata(vertices, edges, faces) create mesh data; bpy.data.objects.new() then makes an object that you link into a collection. The data API makes targets and results explicit, while operators are convenient when reusing Blender's editing actions.

An operator can fail its poll check depending on mode, selection, or active object. For batch jobs, prefer the data API and check the context before calling an operator you need. The render shows matching cubes made through each path.

When to use

Use bpy.data to create or edit many objects, meshes, or materials. Choose bpy.ops when you need the same editing action as the UI.

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